{"id":103,"date":"2025-02-22T13:46:43","date_gmt":"2025-02-22T16:46:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stratejikankara.com\/?p=103"},"modified":"2025-02-22T16:42:48","modified_gmt":"2025-02-22T19:42:48","slug":"egitimde-elestirel-dusunce-ve-bilinc-gelisiminin-onemi-ve-gelecegimiz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stratejikankara.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/22\/egitimde-elestirel-dusunce-ve-bilinc-gelisiminin-onemi-ve-gelecegimiz\/","title":{"rendered":"E\u011fitimde ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve bilin\u00e7 geli\u015fiminin \u00f6nemi ve gelece\u011fimiz…"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere, e\u011fitim sistemimiz \u00e7o\u011funlukla ezbere bilgi y\u00fcklemesi eksenli ve teste dayal\u0131 s\u0131navlar yap\u0131larak e\u011fitim tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olarak biliniyor veya alg\u0131lan\u0131yor. Ne yaz\u0131k ki nitelikli insan yeti\u015ftirmek ve e\u011fitimin yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencide yorum yapma ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce becerilerini geli\u015ftirmeyi hedefleyen bir \u00f6l\u00e7me de\u011ferlendirme sistemi geli\u015ftiremedik. Lisans ve lisans\u00fcst\u00fc derslerini s\u0131navlar\u0131n\u0131 defter-kitap a\u00e7\u0131k s\u0131navlar\u0131 yap\u0131yor ve \u00f6\u011frencilerden kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 analizler yapmas\u0131n\u0131 bekliyoruz. Bazen de bir metni okuyup anlama ve yeni bir soru sormas\u0131 ve konu \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 istendi\u011finde, ne yaz\u0131k ki \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00e7o\u011fu s\u0131nava y\u00f6nelik ders d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeterli haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapm\u0131yor ve yorum yapma becerisi g\u00f6steremiyor. Bu sorunu son y\u0131llarda yurt i\u00e7inden ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan s\u0131kl\u0131kla konu\u015fuyoruz. Amerika\u2019daki Harvard ve Columbia gibi prestijli \u00fcniversitelerde dahi \u00f6\u011frencilerin zorunlu okuma materyallerini takip etmedi\u011fi belirtiliyor. Bizde ise \u00f6\u011frencilerin e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6\u011frenme becerileri, sorunlar ve talepler konular\u0131nda yeterli anket, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve izlemeler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in durumun boyutunu tam olarak bilemiyoruz. Avrupa ve ABD gibi \u00fclkeler bu t\u00fcr \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerle \u00f6\u011frencilerin genel e\u011filimlerini izlerken, \u00fclkemizde b\u00f6yle bir sistematik yakla\u015f\u0131m eksikli\u011fi g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde Tar\u0131m Tarihi dersinde, \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tar\u0131msal yap\u0131s\u0131\u201d konusunu i\u015flerken, \u00f6\u011frencilerin genel bilgisini \u00f6\u011frenmek amac\u0131yla konuyla ilgili bir fikirleri olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sordum. Ancak s\u0131n\u0131fta tam bir sessizlik h\u00e2kimdi. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu gibi \u00f6nemli bir tarihe sahip bir devletin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bilmek, yaln\u0131zca genel k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda tarih bilincinin de bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6\u011frencilerin bu t\u00fcr temel konularda dahi bilgi sahibi olmamalar\u0131, e\u011fitim sistemimizdeki eksikliklerin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tart\u0131\u015fma K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve Ele\u015ftirel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi Geli\u015ftirmek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitimde beklenen, \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00f6zg\u00fcvenle s\u00f6z almas\u0131 ve bilgi birikimlerini ortaya koymas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6\u011frencilerimiz g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f belirtmek konusunda \u00e7ekingen davran\u0131yor. Bu \u00e7ekingenlik, soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7lerin ele\u015ftirel ve analitik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yetene\u011finin yeterince geli\u015fmedi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun tar\u0131msal yap\u0131s\u0131 ile ilgili d\u00f6nemsel kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar yaparak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisini ele almak, hem tarihsel hem de ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ancak \u00f6\u011frencilerin bu konulara ilgisizli\u011fi ve bilgi eksikli\u011fi, e\u011fitim sistemimizin ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye yeterince \u00f6nem vermedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131lda d\u00fcnya, bilim ve teknolojide h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve ard\u0131ndan gelen Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi, bu geli\u015fmelere yeterince h\u0131zl\u0131 adapte olamam\u0131\u015f, bunun nedenleri ise yeterince ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde biyoteknoloji, yapay zeka ve uzay \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gibi alanlarda geride kalmam\u0131z, ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce eksikli\u011finin ve e\u011fitimdeki sistematik sorunlar\u0131n bir sonucudur. E\u011fitimin yaln\u0131zca bilgi y\u00fcklemeye odaklanmas\u0131, bireylerin de\u011fer \u00fcretme ve sorun \u00e7\u00f6zme becerilerini geli\u015ftirememektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ele\u015ftiri, bireyi ve toplumu zenginle\u015ftirir. Ancak ele\u015ftiri yapabilmek i\u00e7in bilgi sahibi olmak gerekir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, okumadan ele\u015ftirebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu eksiklik, yaln\u0131zca \u00f6\u011frencilerin de\u011fil, toplumun genelinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir sorundur. \u0130nsanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve tart\u0131\u015fma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc benimseyebilmesi i\u00e7in e\u011fitim sisteminin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitimde Hedefler ve Evrensel Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkemizin, nitelikli insan g\u00fcc\u00fc yeti\u015ftirmeyi hedefleyen, evrensel bir e\u011fitim amac\u0131 ve stratejisi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ama\u00e7, yaln\u0131zca teknik bilgiye sahip bireyler yeti\u015ftirmek de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda bilin\u00e7li, ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmay\u0131 bilen, sorun \u00e7\u00f6zme becerisi geli\u015fmi\u015f bireyler yeti\u015ftirmek olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr bireyler, yaln\u0131zca kendi sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, toplumun ortak sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmede de yetkin olacakt\u0131r. Ancak bu hedeflerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in e\u011fitim sistemimizin ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, etik de\u011ferler ve analitik beceriler \u00fczerine temellenmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bilginin h\u0131zla \u00fcretildi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnyada, yaln\u0131zca bilgiye sahip olmak yeterli de\u011fildir; bu bilgiyi etik bir temele dayand\u0131rarak kullanabilmek de \u00f6nemlidir. Bilgiye ula\u015fma becerisi, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu bilgiyi sorgulama ve ele\u015ftirebilme yetene\u011fi ile birle\u015fti\u011finde anlam kazan\u0131r. Ancak e\u011fitim sistemimiz bu t\u00fcr yetkinlikleri kazand\u0131rmakta yetersiz kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim Yenide, \u0130nsani De\u011ferler Ekseninde \u00dcretici ve Payla\u015f\u0131mc\u0131 Olmak Zorundad\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim sistemimizin, yaln\u0131zca mesleki becerilere odaklanarak insanlar\u0131 bilin\u00e7lendirme g\u00f6revini ihmal etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00dcstelik mezunlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n teknik bilgi seviyesi ve diplomalar\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fi de s\u0131k\u00e7a sorgulan\u0131r hale gelmi\u015ftir. Mevcut sonu\u00e7lar, s\u0131nava dayal\u0131 e\u011fitim sisteminin toplumu bilin\u00e7lendirmede yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim sistemimiz, bireyleri ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve etik de\u011ferlerle donatmal\u0131, onlar\u0131 sadece teknik becerilere de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda topluma de\u011fer katacak bireyler olarak yeti\u015ftirmelidir. Felsefe, sosyoloji ve etik dersleri bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00f6nemli bir role sahiptir. Ahlakl\u0131 olmak yaln\u0131zca s\u00f6zle de\u011fil, bireyin bu de\u011ferleri i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. E\u011fitim, bireylerin demokratik ve adaletli bir toplum in\u015fa etmelerine katk\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ele\u015ftirel D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Eksikli\u011fi ve Toplumun Sorunlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ba\u011flamda e\u011fitimi yeniden ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, etik de\u011ferler ve insan e\u011fitimi ekseninde g\u00f6rmemiz gerekiyor. Okumu\u015f ancak bilinci olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 i\u00e7in bile bile yanl\u0131\u015f yerde duran in\u015falar yerine insani de\u011ferleri \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde de\u011fer sahibi yeti\u015ftirmemiz gerekecek. Bu ba\u011flamda tarih ve ekoloji bilgisi \u00f6nem kazan\u0131yor. Okumu\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z tart\u0131\u015fmaya girmemeleri, temelde bilin\u00e7leri ve bilgilerinin istenen d\u00fczeye olmas\u0131 olabilir mi? Hepsinin alt\u0131nda yetersiz okuma ve ele\u015ftirel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yetersizli\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Okula gidin, ders \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131n denek ile s\u0131n\u0131f ge\u00e7ilir ancak bilgi ve bilin\u00e7 sahibi olarak, bilgi, de\u011fer \u00fcretmek, sorun \u00e7\u00f6zme becerisi geli\u015ftirmek, bulundu\u011fu ortama de\u011fer katacak etkiler sa\u011flanam\u0131yor. \u0130lk, orta, lise e\u011fitimi al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, \u00fcniversite s\u0131nav\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ilerek \u00fcniversiteye gelmi\u015f, \u00fcniversite mezunu ki\u015filer \u00fclkesinin tarihini bilmedi\u011fi kom\u015fu \u00fclkelere yak\u0131n illeri sayam\u0131yor. Bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda e\u011fitim sistemi ve \u00f6\u011fretme \u00f6\u011frenme modelimizin insan\u0131n geli\u015fim ve \u00f6\u011frenme do\u011fas\u0131na uygun bilimin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerine ve y\u00f6ntemlerine g\u00f6re yeniden d\u00fczenlenmelidir. \u0130yi niyetli \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 okutmak i\u00e7in ceketini satan insan\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6\u011frenme \u00f6\u011fretme y\u00f6ntemini ve nitelikli birey yeti\u015ftirmeyi bilmeye bilir. Ancak E\u011fitim ile ilgili bakanl\u0131k, Y\u00d6K, \u00fcniversiteler ve di\u011fer kurmalar\u0131n politika belirleyicilerinin konular\u0131 evrensel \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki y\u00f6ntemlere g\u00f6re s\u00fcrekli \u00f6\u011frenme ekseninde d\u00fczenlemek durumundad\u0131rlar-g\u00f6revleridir de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130leti\u015fim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcze koydu\u011fu birim zamanda anl\u0131k artan i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc, i\u015flemlerin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131, anl\u0131k ileti\u015fim ve taleplerin anl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 istenen talepler zaman kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Bu arada ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki gibi uzun uzun okumak, tart\u0131\u015fmak ve kendimizi geli\u015ftirme sorunu ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Bu arda \u00f6\u011frencilerin da \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n h\u0131zlanan s\u00fcrecinin sonucu olarak ders \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve kitap ve gazete okumada uzakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. B\u00fct\u00fcn geli\u015fmeleri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na uygun olarak konunun bilimsel olarak i\u015flenmesi gerekir. E\u011fitim amaca uygun bilgi bilin\u00e7 sahibi d\u00fcr\u00fcst \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in her renge b\u00fcr\u00fcnmeyen insan yeti\u015ftiremiyorsak sormak laz\u0131m; neden?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 ve \u00d6neriler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fi nitelikli e\u011fitim il ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fine g\u00f6re e\u011fitimi gelece\u011fimiz i\u00e7in bilimsel ilke ve y\u00f6nteme g\u00f6re yeniden ele almak gerekir. Gelece\u011fin nitelikli bireylerini yeti\u015ftirmek, yaln\u0131zca bireysel de\u011fil, toplumsal bir sorumluluktur. \u00d6ncelikli ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131klardan ders \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri model alabiliriz. Duygulara yenik d\u00fc\u015fmeden, fen-okuryazarl\u0131k temelli 21 yy yetkinlikleri yan\u0131nda insani de\u011ferleri geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir e\u011fitim olu\u015fturarak bireylerinin kendileri geli\u015ftirmesi sunulabilir. Bu nedenle e\u011fitim sisteminin, ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi te\u015fvik eden, etik de\u011ferleri \u00f6nceleyen ve s\u00fcrekli \u00f6\u011frenmeyi merkeze alan bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gerekmektedir. E\u011fitimdeki eksikliklerin giderilmesi, sadece bireylerin de\u011fil, toplumun da \u00fcretkenli\u011fini ve refah\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131racakt\u0131r. \u00dclkemizin bunu ba\u015faracak birikimi ve insan potansiyeli bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prof. Dr. \u0130brahim ORTA\u015e, DOSDER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere, e\u011fitim sistemimiz \u00e7o\u011funlukla ezbere bilgi y\u00fcklemesi eksenli ve teste dayal\u0131 s\u0131navlar yap\u0131larak e\u011fitim tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olarak biliniyor veya alg\u0131lan\u0131yor. 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